w 

BiLfe 



THE 

ALASKAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE 
FROM AN AMERICAN POINT OF VIEW 



BY 



WILLIAM H. LEWIS 



FROM 
THE AMERICAN REVIEW Of REVIEWS 
AUGUST 18 9 9 






^ 



EDUCATION IN THE SOUTHERN STATES 



187 



gogues and adventurers, the slaves of prejudice 
and passion, individual liberty is less and less 
until it becomes extinct and despotism is a ne- 
cessity. Our American republic, which we love, 
is the guardian of the holiest trust ever com- 
mitted to a people. 

There are gravest questions growing out of 
our late and present war against Spain and the 
Philippines, our relations with half-civilized 
islanders, which are not to be considered in this 
conference. There are other questions, home 
and internal, which thrust themselves upon our 
thoughts and demand wise consideration and the 
fullest education of every citizen. When all are 
properly educated we shall not then have too 
much wisdom for meeting the perils which men- 
ace our institutions. The masses, always repre- 
senting the lowest parts of society, must have 
general instruction and some familiarity with the 
rights and duties of ordinary citizenship. Per- 
haps the most mischievous error in the public 
mind is the misapprehension of liberty and of 
democracy. Lilierty is to be blended insepara- 
bly with the Government, harmonized with its 
forms, be made subordinate to its ends, for the 
Correlative of liberty is lawful authority. Free- 
dom consists in keeping within lawful limits and 
rules, and anything except that is not freedom, 
but license — in fact, servitude of the most abject 
type. 

It is a pestiferous error, largely accepted, that 
the people have an inherent right to rule, inde- 
pendent of forms and rules and constitutional 
restrictions. Lincoln, in homely language, said 
that ours was a government of the people, for 
the people, by the people. This means the rule 
of the people through an organized government, 
through legal and orderly administration. How 
shall the people rule ? When is their voice au- 
thoritative ? Certainly not whenever, wherever, 
or however e.xpressed ; not by the spontaneous 
utterance of a promiscuous assembly ; not by the 
will of a frenzied mob. The voice of every man, 
woman, and child in the United States is not law 
unless that voice has been collected and formu- 
lated according to prescribed methods and forms. 
Such a claim is the very opposite of our rep- 
resentative republic. Neither a majority nor 
unanimity vote can ■ justify the assumption of 
legislative and executive functions. To be a 
people jiresnpposes a state of civil society, and 
a voluntary assemblage has no sort of title to 
alter the seat of power in the society in which it 
ought to be the obedient and not the ruling part. 



This modern democracy is mobocracy — is des- 
potism pure and simple. 

The tendency is too frequent among our peo- 
ple for an excited, conscienceless multitude to 
take power into their hands. We have had 
examples of this in Massachusetts, New York, 
Philadelphia, Cleveland, Illinois, and the South. 
Growing largely out of this perversion and mis- 
understanding of the theory and functions of our 
Government is the frequent violation of law or 
the contempt of civil authority. Regarding the 
people as the fountain and sanction of law and 
authority, the slow process of prescribed forms 
is disregarded and men take unto themselves 
the administration of law, the redress of inju- 
ries, the punishment of offenders. Human life is 
shown in the 10,000 annual murders to be very 
cheap. White-capism and Ku-kluxism and secret 
associations set their judgment up as better than 
a regularly organized civil government. Riots 
abound and rights of property and obligatoriness 
of contracts are treated as wrongs to be sum- 
marily remedied. These offenses are not local 
and are as censurable in Ohio and Illinois as in 
Kentucky or Georgia. 

It behooves good men and women everywhere 
in self-examination, charity toward others, in 
catholic patriotism, in courageous purpose to do 
right, in helpfulness for those less favored, to 
comljine all intiuences that the republic may 
come to no harm. Our history fills our hearts 
with exultation and pride ; its great examples, 
its general teachings, the .splendor of its achieve- 
ments, the advance in all good arts, the peace 
and prosperity, the open door for individual and 
national development, the contagiousness of the 
success of freedom have made the boast of 
American citizenship to be more real and far 
more universal than that of being a Roman. 
These representative institutions nuist not perish 
nor be set aside as vain experiments, nor re- 
placed by forms or realities which deny popular 
sovereignty and the blessings of a written con- 
stitution. We must all feel that in us and in our 
republic the highest life of man is vitally and in- 
separabh' associated. Our country is the glory 
ot earth, the hope of the oppressed of all lands, 
the realization of the dignity of man as man, the 
fulfillment of the dreams of all who have huilt 
tlieir hopes on human capabilities and humun 
liberty, and nothing can surpass the duty to omit 
no exertion of transmitting unimpaired all these 
blessings and hopes to those who are to come 
after us. 



THE ALASKAX li()L\\UAR\- DISl'UTK I-ROM AX 
AMl-RICAN POIXT OF MIAV. 

BV WILLIAM H. I.KWIS, OF SEAj/TLK, WASH. 
(Fiiriiii-rly Httitcliril ui Bering Sen tribuniil of nrliilratiuu.i 



THK aiinoiinceinen*. tliut tin.' international 
j<jiiit liigli coniinis!<ii>ii had faileil to coinu 
to an agreement U])(>n the questions submitted to 
it because of the inability to agree upon a treat- 
ment ot the disputed Alaskan boundary has not 
been a surprise to those who have U-en interested 
in the subject in the i)ast and liave been jjer- 
milted to observe the claims made by the Cana- 
dians interested in Alaska and the Northwest 
Territories and their determination to secure a 
new boundary that would give Canada harbors 
on the coast of Alaska and enable her to reach 
her valuable possessions in the interior without 
Iwing subject to American customs regulations. 

The ((uestion in dispute relates only to tliat 
line which separates the possessions of Great 
Hritain and the United States along the strip of 
land lielonging to the latter whidi extends down 
the coast from the Alaskan peninsula and shuts 
olT the Brilish possessions from liie waters of the 
Pacific Ocean. 

This boundary line is descrilied in the treaty 
of February 1 tj, I .S'io, between Russia and Great 
Britain, and was mapped out by Russia shortly 
after. Great Britain contends that the Russians 
iiiisiinierpretcd the treaty, and that the true 
biiiindary line according to the terms of the 
iieaty should be much ni;arer the coast and 
should give .several salt water harbors on the 
.Maskan coast to CJreat Britain, furnishing free 
access through her own ports to her possessions 
in the interior. 

The lioundary line is descrilK'd in Articles IIL 
ami 1\'. of the treaty as follows : 

III C'oniinciK'inK from the soutlicriininst point of the 
islnnil called Prince of Wales Island, wliirli (Hiint lien 
in Ilie iiiirallelof .'►4>' 40' nort li latitude and l)et\veentbe 
one hunilred and tliirty-lirsi anri one liuiidre<l nnil 
tliirl.v-lliinl decrees of .vest loinfituile (meridian of 
fireenwich), the said line sliall ascend to the north alonx 
the channel <alled Portlanil Channel as farn.s the |Hiiut 
<iftlie eontineiit where it strikes the M ft y-sixtli degree 
of north hilitiide : fnmi this last-nienlioned |Kiinl the 
line ol deinareaiion shall follow the snininit of the 
inoiintains sitiiateil parallel t<i the coast as far as the 
IKiint of intersection ot the one hundred and forty-llrst 
decree of west longitude (of the same nieridianl, and 
from said [Hiint of intersection north, etc. 

IV. With reference to the line of deinnrcation laid 
down in the prectHliug article, it is underHtood 



First. That the island ealle<l Prince of Wnlex iHlaud 
tihall Ih-Ioiik wholly to KuKsia. 

Second. That wherever the summit of the moun- 
tains which extend in a direction parallel to the coa.st, 
from the flfty-si.xth degree of north latitude tothe |M>iiit 
of iiiterst'ction of the one hundred and forty-llrst degree 
of west longitude, shall pnive to l«e ut a distance of 
more than ten marine leagues from the iH-ean. the limit 
I)etweeii the Kritish posses.sions and the line of cuii.st 
which is to Udoiig to Kussia its alxive mentioned shall 
Ik- formed liy a line parallel to the windings Isiniio^i- 
tie.si of the coast, and which shall nev^-r exceed the dis- 
tance of (e1i marine leagues therefrom. 

The British contentiojj is : 

Fiijt. That the "pass called the Portland 
Channel " did not mean what is now called Port- 
land Canal, but what is now known as Behin 
Canal, which they claim was formerly calle.l 
Portland ( 'hannel. 

Second. 'J'hat though the, Russians ran the 
line a uniform ten marine league* from the coast 
a.s though there were no distinct range of moun- 
tains parallel to the coast, there is, as a fact, a 
range of mountains parallel to the coast the crest 
of which should have been followed. 

Third. That in case there wei? no range of 
mountains the ten marine leagues should have 
been measured, not from the line of salt water, 
but from the outer coast line of the islands or 
from the ocean, that being meant as the coa.st. 

Fourth. That even if there were no distinct 
range of mountains and tlie line was accepted as 
ten marine leagues from the coast, it should lj<> 
ten leagues from a meandered coast-line and 
sliould cut across the mouths of the narrow chan- 
nels and iidets with •.vhich the coast of Alaska is 
indented, leaving th( harbors at the head of these 
inlets in the posse.ssion of (Jreat Britain. iSir 
Wilfrid Laurier. premier of Canada, stated in 
the Canadian Parliament in rei)ly to a question 
relative to the Alaskan boundary: "According 
to our construction of the treaty of 1.S2.'), the 
Ixiiindarj' line shouM follow the crest of the 
mountains nearest the coast, passing over bays 
anil creeks and inlets which are territorial wa- 
ters." 

After making all these contentions, it is re- 
ported that Great Britain took the jKjsition lie- 
fore the commission that while she was by right 



THE ALASKAN BOUNDARY DISPUTE. 



189 



entitled to all the territory these various con- 
structions of the treaty would give her, she was 
willing to sacrifice them all and as a compromise 
receive just one harbor — the best one on the 
Alaskan coast. And the refusal of the commis- 
sioners on behalf of the United States to accede to 
their request caused a suspension of negotiations 
on the part of the commission. 

It has been said that Great Britain's policy in 
international disputes is to claim everything in 
sight and then have a margin upon which to 
make concessions when effecting a compromise. 
In the Alaskan boundary dispute her claims are 
without foundation, and the concessions she offers 
should not be considered, as they represent no 
sacrifice. She proposes to concede to the United 
States that which belongs to the United States, 
in order to get from the United States, on the 
principle (so often invoked in international com- 
promises) of mutual accommodation, a concession 
at once valuable to both nations. 

The purpose of this article is to prove from 
official British records that the claims of Great 
Britain to any other than the present accepted 
boundary line are entirely without foundation. 
The best indication of what was intended by the 
framers of the treaty can be found in the corre 
spondence leading up to its adoption. This has, 
fortunately, been published by the British For- 
eign Office in Volume II. of the appendix to the 
case of her majesty's government before the 
Bering Sea arbitration, and the quotations given 
in this article are from that volume. 

This correspondence shows that Russia's in- 
tern ion in asking tliat the line of demarcation 
should follow Portland Canal was that she should 
secure a strip of " terra firma" opposite Prince 
of Wales and the adjacent islands ; that she de- 
scribed Portland Canal as "at the height of 
Prince of Wales Island " to indicate that the 
mouth of Portland Canal was opposite ihe south- 
ern extremity of Prince of Wales Island and the 
" origin in the interior between tlie fifty-fifth 
and fifty-sixth degrees of north latitude." This 
describes Portland Canal and not Behm Canal. 

Great Britain's second contention, that the line 
should follow the crest of the mountains nearest 
the coast, cannot be sustained, as any one familiar 
witli the Alaskan mountains knows that there is 
no distinct range of mountains along the coast, 
that they are in groups and patches both on the 
islands and on tlie mainland, and that where 
there are ranges they run at right angles and not 
parallel to the coast. Looking at the Ala.skan 
coast from a distance, one sees what apjiear to be 
distinct ranges of mountains, but upon close ex- 
amination it is impossible to find any range of 
moiintains parallel to the coast. Great Britain's 



plan of taking individual mountains that suit 
her purpose and cutting from the crest of one to 
the crest of the next in such a way as to give 
her the heads of the bays, inlets, and channels 
with which the Alaskan coast is indented is thus 
shown to be untenaljle. 

With reference to the third contention, that the 
ten marine leagues should be measured from the 
outer coast-line of the islands, it will be ob- 
served that in demanding this ten marine leagues 
Russia insisted upon it as ten marine leagues of 
" terra fir/iia" "on the continent, " and not ten 
marine leagues in width of island possessions. 

Her fourth contention will also he proven im- 
possible. The parties to the treaty meant exactly 
what they said when they described the line 
as following the "sinuosities " or windings of the 
coast, and did not mean, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier 
suggests, a line passing over bays and creeks and 
inlets. 

The first proposal looking to the framing of a 
treaty adjusting the differences between Russia 
and Great Britain arising from their confiicting 
interests in the north I'acific Ocean was made by 
Count Lieven, Russian ambassador to London, 
on January 19, 1823, and on February 2.5 of 
that year Sir C. Bagot, British ambassador to- 
St. Petersburg, was granted full power to adjust 
those differences with the Russian Government. 
On April 17, 1823, Count Nesselrode, the Russian 
prime minister, wrote Count Lieven at London 
the results of the first interview between himself 
and the British ambassador. Sir C. Bagot, stat- 
ing clearly the Russian position as follows : 

. . . That the line of the fifty-fifth degree of north 
latitude should constitute the southern lioiindaryof the 
states of his imperial majesty, that on the continent 
toward the east that liue slioulrl run aluug tlie range of 
mountains which follow the sinuosities of the coast up 
to Mt. Elias, and tliat from that point up to the Arctic 
Ocean we would fix the borders of our respective pos- 
sessions on tlie line of the one hundred and fortieth de- 
gree of longitude west from the meridian of Greenwich. 

To the end not to cut the island of the Prince of 
Wales, which by that arrangeineut would remain with 
Russia, we would propose to carry the southern fron- 
tier of our donuiius to 54'' and 40' of latitude and to 
make it abut on the continent at the Portland Canal, 
of which the opening into the ocean is at the height of 
the Prince of Wales Island and the origin in the in- 
terior between the fifty-fifth and fifty-sixth degrees of 
latitude. 

This proposition would leave to us a straight liKtirv 
on that coast and would leave to the Knglish estiil)lish- 
ments all the necessary space to multiply and extend. 

As this is the line that was finally accepted 
after two years of effort by the Britisli Foreign 
Office to secure a "compromise," it will be ob- 
served that the Russian diplomats know how to- 
deal with Great Britain. 



r.M) 



THE AMERICAN MONTHLY REI^IEU' OF RE^/EIVS. 



Procpcdiiift. fount Ni-sselroile, aftor mention- 
ing a jiroposal of Sir ( 'iiarli'S Hajfot to have tiie 
lino follow the ciiannel called Duke of Clarence 
Strait, which is lietween I'rince of Wales Island 
and the mainland, says : 

If I'rince i>f Wales Nlaml renmiiisours it i^ iiwessiiry 
tliiit it Ik- of winie use to iih. Hut liy tlie pliiii of the 
KiiKlisli iinilHi.sNii<lor il woulil lie .simply « <-liuriy;e uikji^ 
us ami uluioKt iiu iucoriveuiciife. That islaml. in fflect. 
anil till- est«l)lislinii-iils we would foriu tlii-re would be 
entirely isolati-il, deprived of all supjKirt. surrounded 
liy tiie territory of (Jreat iiritain, and at the luerey of 
the KuKlisli estalilislinients on the coast. 

. . . To the ea-st tireat Hrilain can unite the two 
coasts of America : to the s<iuth nolhinx can prevent 
them from aciiuiriiiK a coiisiilerable extension. For us, 
we demand one simple I/k(<'i< of the continent. . . . 

. . . It cannot lie Miid t<Ki often that according to the 
most recent maps Kn^land din-s not |H)sse.ss a single 
estalilishment at the heinht of Portland t'aiial . . . anil 
Kussiu. when she insists u|m>ii the reservation of a 
medium space of term tiniiii, does not insi.st uihju it 
for any value it has, lint in order not to lose the sur- 
ronndini; isles. . . . We ilo not .s*-ek any advantage : 
we would avoid grave inconvenience. 

Having stated the grouiul upon which Russia 
stood and shown clearly his thorough under- 
standing of the whole subject. Count Xesselrode 
remains linn to it tliroughotit the negotiations. 

.■strong etlorts were made by Great Hritain to 
force him from his position. In the beginning 
.Sir (.". Hagot was instructed to secure, if possible, 
the (iftyseventli degree as the .southern boundary 
of Russian territory. lie tried to do even better 
by propasing that tlie lino follow Cross .Sound 
and Lynn Canal, thus cutting off Russia from 
both the islaiuJs along tlie coast and the h'siere, 
stating as his rea.«on : " I thought that it might 
be for the advantage of the negotiation if I re- 
served the ])roposition of the fifty-seventh degree 
to a later periocl of it, anil, jiulging from the 
map. it appeared to me that it might lie desirable 
to obtain, if possible, the whole group of islands 
along the coast." 

<)n January 15, 1S".!4, an entire year having 
lieen consumed in negotiations without result, 
Mr. (.». Canning, at the lieadof the Hritish Foreign 
Office, wrote Sir C. Hagot, indicating that the 
line most satisfactory to the Hritish (iovernment 
■ Would lie one drawn through Chathaiu Strait," 
the channel separating the island on which Sitka 
is situated from the island lo the eastward of it. 
• or even Sle]ihen's I'lussage. and if neither of 
:liese can be obtairieil," the line must lie drawn on 
the mainland to ihe north of the northernmost 
post of the Northwest (.'ompany from east lowest 
until it strikes the coast, and tlience may descend 
to whatever lalitiule may be necessary for taking 
in the island on which .Sitka stands. 

Again, he suggested "the strait which sejia- 



rates the mainland from the islands" as the bound- 
ary. Hut if that could not lie secured it would 
lie ex]>edienl to assign, with res|«'ct to the main- 
land southward from Lynn Canal, '-a limit, say, 
of fifty or a liunilre<l miles from the coast, "oeyond 
which Russian ]X)Sts should not extend to the 
eastward." 

(»n March 17, \s>i. Sir C. IJagot wrote that 
after six weeks of constant negotiation, after 
having gone lo the utmost limit of his instruc- 
tions and even lieyond them, he had entirely 
failed to induce the Russian Government to ac- 
cede to what he considered to U- a fair and 
reasonable adjustment. He reported that he 
first suggested a line through Chatham Strait to 
the head of Lynn Canal. This U-ing refused, 
he offered a line drawn from the west to the east 
through the center of the strait north of Prince 
of Wales Island to where it touched terra firma. 
" From there it shall follow in the same direction 
upon the Irrrajirma to a point distant ten leagues 
from the coast, and from that point the line shall 
extend to the northwest jiarallel to the sinuosi- 
ties of the coast, and always at the ilistance of ten 
marine leagues from the shore up to the one 
hundred and fortieth degree of longitude," etc. 
As a last resort he had then proposed to assign 
to Russia the I'rince of Wales Island and to have 
the line of demarcation follow the channel seiia- 
rating rrince of Wales Island from the mainland 
to the middle of the strait north of that island, 
and then run directly east to a point on the 
terra Jirma ten marine leagues from the coast, 
and thence north, etc. 'I'he.se various offers 
were not accepted by the Russians, and they set 
forth their rea.soiis in their final reply, saying, 
among other things : 

That the [Missi'ssion of the Prince of Wales Island 
williuut II portion of the territory on the coast situated 
opposite that island could uot lie of any utility lo 
Kussia. 

That all estalilishments formed on that island or on 
those adjacent to it would llnd themsi'lves in many 
ways injnn-d liy the Knglish estnblishmeiits on the ter- 
ra flriiKi and completely at their mercy. 

This ended the first period of negotiations, 
with Russia insisting on her original proposition 
and Great Hritiiin still urging a " compromise." 
It is worth while to notice that throughout even 
these preliminary negotiations the location of 
Portland Canal is clearly defined as "at the 
height of Prince of Wales Islam!" and origi- 
nating "in the continent between the fifty-fifth 
anil fifty-sixth degrees of latitude." The fact 
that the mouth of Portland Canal is directly op- 
])osite the southern points of Prince of Wales 
Island and Russia's demanding the coast opposite 
Prince of Wales Island would clearly prove that 



THE ALASKAN ROUND A RY DISPUTE. 



191 



the canal now known as I'ortland Canal was 
meant, and not a passage further to the north. 

It is also worth noticing, while the two powers 
are preparing for a renewal of the negotiations, 
that the line Paissia insisted upon was construed 
by l:)Oth sides to give her a ' ' liaiere of lerra 
firma" "on the continent" — not a chain of 
islands or several detached pieces of mainland, 
as Great Britain contends now. The line of de- 
mai'cation on the continent was to be not ten 
marine leagues from the outer line of the islands, 
but ten marine leagues from the shore, and in 
each case was insisted upon by Russia as a pro- 
tection for the islands. It was also understood 
that the proposed line should "run along the 
mountains which follow the sinuosities of the 
coast,"' and it could not have been understood 
that such a line would, as Sir Wilfrid Laurier 
suggests, pass over bays and inlets, though it 
could very easily pass over creeks or mountain 
streams. The sinuosities of the coast would 
naturally mean the indentations of salt water. 

Three months later, on July 12, 1824, Mr. 
Canning wrote to Sir C. Bagot directing him to 
reopen the negotations, and inclosed a draft of a 
treaty that would be acceptable to Great Britain, 
whicli accepts the line of demarcation laid down 
by Russia, except that it follows "the sinuosi- 
ties of tlie coast along the base of the mountains 
neaiest the sea." It further provides that "the 
said line of coast on the continent of America 
which forms the boundary of the Russian pos- 
sessions shall not in any case extend more than 

leagues in breadth from the sea toward the 

interior, at whatever distance the aforesaid moun- 
tains may be." The number of leagues was pur- 
posely left out in order that Sir C. Bagot might 
get it reduced as much as possil)le. But he was 
instructed not to consent to more than ten. The 
expression "from the sea" has been construed 
by British officials to mean from the outer line 
of the islands — that is, from the Pacific Ocean. 
But wlien it is remembered that the lisiire thus 
described is spoken of as '^ terra Jirma," as "on 
the continent of America," as for the protection 
of the islands along the coast, and when it is 
further considered that it is in many places 
twenty or more marine leagues from the outer 
line of the islands to the shore or coast of tlie 
continent, and that the line, if measured from 
the outer line of tlie islands, would come upon 
the inner edge of Prince of Wales and other 
islands, or in many cases in the middle of the 
strait separating tlie islands from the mainland, 
the contention is proved to be an impossible one. 

This proposed draft of the treaty was practi- 
cally acceptable to Russia from a territorial stand- 
point. But there were differences still to be 



a<ljusied with reference to the navigation of cer- 
tain rivers and tlie rights of trading with the na- 
tives which were not satisfactory. On this ac- 
count the Russian plenipotentiaries submitted a 
counter-draft of a treaty in which the description 
of the boundary line differed only from that sug- 
gested by Great Britain in that it prescribed an 
arbitrary width of the lisHhr of ton marine leagues 
regardless of the mountains, saying that the lisiire 
of the coast belonging to Russia " shall not have 
in width on the continent more than ten marine 
leagues from tlie border of the sea." This siiows 
conclusively that the lisiere was to be ten ma- 
rine leagues in width on the continent. This 
latter proposition and refusal concluded the sec- 
ond period of the negotiations with Russia, still 
firm in her original position, and Great Britain. 
so far as territorial questions were concerned, 
practically willing to conce<le Russia's claims. 

Negotiations were resumed again in Decem- 
Oer, 1824, when Mr. George Canning, who was 
at the head of the Foreign Office in London, 
commissioned Mr. Stratford Canning to proceed 
to St. Petersburg to conclude and sign a treaty 
with the Russian Government. The instructions 
to this new ambassador were that he should op- 
pose Russia's plan of making the lisiere ten marine 
leagues in width regardless of the mountains, and 
abandon the former contention of the British 
(jovernment for the seaward base of the moun- 
tains as the l.ioundary line, and agree to the sum- 
mit as suggested all along by Russia. 

At last, on February 16, 182,5, the treaty was 
agreed upon and was signed, the portions dealing 
with the boundary line being substantially those 
proposed by Count Nesselrode. 

In reviewing the above correspondence, it will 
be seen that the questions now brought up by 
Great Britain were all discussed previous to the 
signing of the treaty. It will be seen that ' ' Port- 
laud Channel " means the same now that it did 
seventy-five years ago ; that the word "sinuosi- 
ties" was used intentionally, and that the fram- 
ers of the treaty meant Russia should have the 
harbors, bays, and inlets on the coast, while 
Great Britain had the interior ; that the lisiire 
of coast was meant to be upon the continent and 
not a chain of islands or detached strips ot shore. 

There is no section of Alaska which is not rich 
in mineral. Already the great Treadwell mines 
and others in tiie vicinity of Juneau have been 
o[)ened up on the land that would have gone to 
Great Britain had Russia consented to "com- 
promise ; " indeed, they would many of them go 
to Great Britain now if the United States should 
concede what Great Britain claims as to the ten 
marine leagues being nieasureil from the outward 
line of the islamls. 



I'LAV AS A I'ACTOR IX SOCIAL AXD EDLXA- 

TIOXAL Rl'l'OKMS. 

r. Y I' R O K . K . A . R I k K 1' A r K I ( ' K 

lUf the .State Normal Scluxil iit Kitcbliurg. Mass.) 



IP. as .'Spencer holils. play is iiiiTrly tin- ri-sult 
of surplus I'lKTuy, it is not strange that it 
should 1)1) regarded as useful only as a iiieans of 
dis[>o8ing of such extra energy, jiarticularlj' by 
children and young i)eo|ile. 'Vhv talented young 
fJennan, Carl (iroos, however, who has made an 
extensive study of the play of both animals and 
children, is convinced that surplus energy is not 
the (-ause nor even a necessary condition (though 
a favorable f)ne> for play, .\nimals and children 
will play till exhausted, and wIk'U they have too 
little energy to do anything else becaii.se of weak- 
ness or weariness they can often be induced to 
play. Every species of animal ha.s its character- 
istic plays, which are not wholly the result of as- 
sociation with its own species. Play is therefore 
a fuinlameiital instinct instead of a mere mani- 
festation of temiHirary excess of energy. Fur- 
thermore, it is one of the most important instincts 
posses.sed by animals and ha,s been a most efTect- 
ive factor lu the preservation and development 
of the higher species. No one who has watched 
puppies or kittens as thej' chase each other and 
engage; in mock combat can doubt for a moment 
that they are thus getting the Iwst possible train- 
ing for adult life and the struggle for existence. 
It is evident that animals having the instinct to 
engage in such activities will be much mme like- 
ly to survive than those without it. Again, the 
indeliniteness of the play instinct gives an oppor- 
tunity for adaptation to environment and for 
more varied development than woiihl be the case 
if the play instinct were replaced by one or many 
definile instincts toward particular forms of ac- 
tion. 

From these considerations and the recogni- 
tion of the general evolutionary principle that 
higher animals have the same characteristics as 
the lower, with additions and complications, we 
should expect ti /iriori that the ])lay instinct 
would be a prominent feature in the young liu- 
tiian animal. Kveiy one who has noticed clul- 
<lren at all has found a1)undant evidence of this 
truth. For children playing is living, and the 
value of each day and hour is measuretl by the 
amount of ])lay that can be or has been |)Ut into 
it. In ])lay the child engages in life activities 
instead of merely observing them. If we ci.unt 



only the waking moments of the child, we prob- 
ably do not overestimate if we say that four out 
of the first five years, three of the second five 
years, and two of the third are spent in some 
form of i>lay. During the first fifteen years of 
his life, therefore, the average chihl R[ien<lB as 
much time in play as in study and work. Tak- 
ing into account the importance of i>lay in ani- 
mal life ami the physical, mental, s^ocial, and 
moral development that the chihl get.s in this his 
most inteii.se form of activity, th<'re is good rea- 
son for claiming that children's plays do at lea.st 
as much to bring out their latent capal>ilities and 
prepare them for life as their school training. 

The value of play for little children was rec- 
ognized by Froeliel in forming the kindergarten 
and is now appreciated by all intelligent edu- 
cators. Teai-hers of gymnastics and systems of 
physical culture have long admitted that play is 
valuable as a means of physical culture, and to 
.some extent have made practical apjilications of 
play in physical training. The .social develoj)- 
ment to be gotten from grouj) plays has been 
seen by a few of the keener students of social 
phenomena, and it lias lieen asserted by a prom- 
inent Freiicliinan that the power and progress c)f 
the Anglo-.'^axon race are due as much to their 
plays as to any other one factor. The value of 
play for the volitional, intellectual, and moral 
development of older children and young pi-o- 
pie has not been so generally appreciated. ^'el 
a few years ago < J. K. John.son, now superintend- 
ent of the .\iidover schools, after a careful stuily 
classified -11)0 games of educational value acconl- 
ing to the powers they were suiteil to develop, 
and graded them according to the ages for which 
they were best adapted. He has since verified 
their value in the evening play schools that he 
has conducted. 

l'l..\V IS lilH-ICfLT. 

One does imt need to !«• a very jirofoiind 
student of play to discover that play is not the 
doing of easy things, as some have supposed. 
The amount of energy put into hunting, fishing, 
skating, bicycling, ball -]ilay ing. solving ])U7,zles, 
anil ]>hiving checkers, chess, etc., proves to the 
most ca-sual observer that play is not always ea.sy. 



/ 




Edited by ALBERT SHAW 




The "America's" Cup Race { Robert Bonner. 



in 1899. 
Porto Rico from a Woman's 

Point of View. ByMrsOuyV Henry. 



The Alaskan Boundary 

Dispute. By William H. Lewis. 

Education in the South. 

By Dr. J. L. M. Curry. 

Play as a Factor in 

Education. By E. a. Kirkpatnclc. 



A Slcetch by E. J. Edwards. 

The Present and Future of 

the nOrSe. By Jolm Oilmer Speed. 



In the Departments: 



The Editor on tlie Educational Conferences 
— Secretary Oage and the Civil Service 
League— The Censorship at Manila— Is Otis 
the Wrong Man?— Mr. Alger's Resignation 
and " Algerism " The Work of the Con- 
ference at The Hague Shall We Evacuate 
Cuba? The Automobile in L'se To-day — 
The Cape to Cairo Railway The United 
States and Russia— and forty more topics 
of immediate interest. 



A PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED NUMBER. 



j^Mbs^A*^ 



THE REVIEW OF REVIEWS CO., 13 AStor r>ldCe/ NeW: Vwk. 



Vol. XX. No. 115. 



• '■'••! Jit N. V. Pn<il IttUvt' iL'i Sc*'imil-<'Iit~ 
I'yrJKht, isrj. Iiy TllK Iti:viK« ur liKvii 



Price 25c. <$2.50 a Year.) 



One Thousand Five 
Hundred Dollars 

Will be given for the best fifteen stories about the remarkable 

SOROSIS SHOES 

Now so universally worn by women. 

First Pn.c fjy^ Huudred 

Dollars 
sccon, pmc j'yYO Hundred and 

Fifty Dollars 

Etc. 
This offer, made by the manufacturers of Sorosis, is to 

Women Only 

Send for full particulars to 

A , B. Little dc Company 

iV(>. 82 Blake St, Lynn, Mass. 

m T j^ There In niithing mure attrattn c aiiu helpful In rontan^i than a handstimc ftnit. SOROSIS as 

I ^^ ^\j'S^ *a{}pltt'J fir .s/if»tS 'N /ii;»' a hitusihidd word, and means all that i\ bc.sf. The knuwiag uac i> 
i if I'd ^*' oft^arc^t^hat SOk0^iS'make> her feet /.«.K Mt// and feci ntlt. 



The Story of J^ani//a. 



CHAPTER IX. 

By Robert Manton. 



AFTER the Mexicans have spent ninety days 
or more in curing the vanilla bean, their 
product is put into " bundles," each weigh- 
ing from twelve to sixteen ounces. The beans 
are then pressed into shape, the ends of the 
bundles rounded by turning the ends of the beans 
in at the top of the bunch. 

The beans of finest quality are put into cans, 
and the most skilled curers, who pride themselves 
upon the excellence of their product, carry their 
stock for one or two months before finally pack- 
ing it in cases. Four or five "cans" make up a 
*' case." {Sfe illustration.') 

Strictly high-grade 
Mexican beans, such as 
are used altogether in 
liurnett's Extracts, come 
out of the tropics in cedar 
wood cases. The spicv 
odor of the beans them 
selves, joined with thi 
fragrance of cedar wocul 
gives off a perfume which 
is most grateful to the 
nostrili. The delightful 
odor lingers for days in a 
warehouse after the cases 
have been shipped away. 
The writer could tell, 
when he entered a store 
room in Vera Cruz, 
whether a stock of vanilla 
beans was carried then or 
had recently been store 
there. 

Vanilla beans are sorte. 
into grades. The fine>i 
are packed as alreadv 
described. More than 
one half of this quality of 
the last year's crop was 

bought, and is being used by the Joseph Burnett 
Company. The inferior beans, which have been 
improperly cured, and thus decay and mould, 
are cut up into pieces a half inch or so in 
length. In trade circles these are known as "cuts." 
They arc packed in large tin cases, holding from 
fifty to seventy-five pounds. "Cuts" are sent to 
market and used in llie extracts which the house- 
wife thinks are "cheap." The quality as well as the 
price is low. These cuts sell for about one third 
the price of the first class bean. Quality determines 
price in everything. 

(CurVKK.HT I'UuTttTtl. UV l.TMiN I>. MoSSI.) 




In future issues of this magazine the results of 
man's futile attempts to cultivate the vanilla plant 
in other parts of the world will be described, and 
also the various devices and artifices employed in 
adulteration. Little does the housewife realize 
what injurious and poisonous mixtures are sold 
daily over the counters of stores and labelled 
" Vanilla Extract " in place of Burnett's. They are 
no more the extract of the fragrant Mexican 
bean than water colored with aniline is wine. 

On various occasions Boards of Health have 
submitted cheap "Vanilla" extracts to the writer 
with requests that he 
■1 analyze them. Analyza- 
tion is simply impossible. 
Goodness only knows 
what many are made of. 
He has found Balsam of 
Peru, a watery decoction 
of the tonka, with pos- 
sibly a little inferior 
vanilla in it, the cost of 
which would be perhaps 
$2.00 a gallon. Fully 70% 
of the vanilla extract sold 
in the American market 
to-day is made from cuts, 
cheap or wild vanilla, 
strengthened and doc- 
tored by Vanillin, or arti- 
ficial vanilla, made from 
clove stems or coal tar, 
Colored and sweetened. 
The amount of rubbi.sh 
which is thus bottled up 
and made attractive by a 
gaudy label, is amazing. 
The extract which the 
unsuspecting housewife 
buys cheap, really yields 
the maker anywhere 
from 100 to 50 per cent, profit. Unscrupulous 
men pile up wealth at the expense of the public 
health. 

The full deliciousness, flavor, and fragrance of 
the Mexican Vanilla bean are brought out only in 
the extracts made by the Joseph Burnett Company, 
of Boston, Mass. Every first-class grocer places 
them above all others, and makes comparisons by 
them. It is really a matter of pride to a manufac- 
turer to have it said of his extract that it is "next 
below Burnett's." 

( To be continued.) 



mess OF FERRIS BROS.. 46-51 ROSE STREET. NEW YORK CITY 



« \« A^A^ ^.^ A* A ♦'.Iw* A ♦fl.^^A ♦■^♦■.^.♦A*«.'*A«^« .-V ■♦■.'\*^ '•^'•■^.♦•^.♦•.^^♦Hk!*^ 



t 



$ 

» 



WdltcrBaker&Co's 
BREAhFAST 

COCOA. 



9«'»'»'»'>«'»'>^^ 



«OST.S Lrss 

7 HAN 

ONE «CNI 

A « I'P. 




Ur MiRr THAT 
IMP PAinAOC 
IIPARS OUR 
IRADC-MARft. 



4 Perfect Food. Pure, Hulnliout. Delicious. 



WALTER BAhER & CO.L"-"»ed 

t '^labll^tl•<I I7SII. 

DORCHESTER^ MASS. 




I HALL'S 

Hair Reney\fer 



Vcqotablo 
Sicilian 



HrlnjH Ihc olj color hoik; no more faded or jra* hair. 

Makes Krouth more rapid; short hair becomes long; hair. 

Holds the hair firmly in place: Ihe hair slops fatllni; out. 

Complelely remotes dandruff: bafdness fs pretenled. 

Feeds Ih: hair bulbs: new hair trows oo bifd heads. 

If jronr ilrunrl.t mnnnt •upplr ron. ipnd one dullar ti> 
It. I-. Il»ll t Co.. Na.liu.!. >'. II. 



R" 



lOVAI. B.AKING 
POWDER contains 
no acid except that de= 
rived from ic^apes, and 
is pure, healthful, sure 
in makiny: the finest 
food, and of hiichest 
practical strenvcth. 

Ba k i n «; powders 
made from harsh. cau>= 
tic acids are lower in 
price. The> ma\ puff 
up the doujch, but they 
will ruin the stomach. 



>*!. e«»ts-.-, rowpfR ro 



rr*" DOKfTMMP 
^ WALK 





TMC 

GRAND UNION 
HOTEL 

(ircind Central Depot 

4 -J Sircct nnd Ptrk Ave., 

NIW YORK. 

Jiisi ■ fttrp from llic car« lo your 
room, in ihc mo<i comfortibic tnj 
convenient Horel in New York. 
C>nly five mimties from Thcairct 
■ nj shopping disiricf. 

Fine fife and Rcstiurant. 

rx*.-cllfni Service. Modcriie Prlcet. 

1 iirupein plan. 

Hates. $1 a day and upwards 



:{ 

in 

:» 

iii 

.> 

'■i 
i|! 

■i 

♦: 



.■»■ 
i(t 

JK 
C 
« 

'h 



^ 

> 



•> 

> 






vose 



PIANOS 



1 .n 
of 



vNO CO.. i6o HuyUlon St.. Hii.ttun. HiM. 



